PROTONS and NEUTRONS

<body topmargin=0 leftmargin=0 marginheight=0 marginwidth=0> <table cellpadding=0 cellspacing=0 border=0><tr> <td valign="top" colspan=3 height=30 BGCOLOR="#006699" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="1" WIDTH="726" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="LEFT" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 19 ><NOBR><div> <B> THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS</B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#006699" FACE="Arial" ><B>MMM</B></FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B> </B>TO THE PERIODIC TABLES >  <A HREF="index.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="ATOMIC ELEMENTS"><U>SMALL</U></A> <A HREF="wide_screen.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="View with Internet Explorer and F11"><U> LARGE</U></A>    <FONT SIZE="1" COLOR="#FFFFCC" FACE="Arial" >      </FONT></div> </NOBR></tD> <tD VALIGN=CENTER><NOBR><div> <B>INDEX TO THE NUCLEAR STUDYS</B></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></B></div> <div> </div> </td> </tr><tr> <td valign="top" width=242 BGCOLOR="#66CCCC" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B>INTRODUCTION</B></div> <div> AT THE CENTER OF EVERY ATOM</div> <div> THERE IS A SMALL DENSE MASS</div> <div> CALLED, THE NUCLEUS.</div> <div> INSIDE THAT NUCLEUS,</div> <div> THERE ARE SMALLER MASSES, </div> <div> CALLED, THE NUCLEONS.</div> <div> SOME HAVE, PLUS CHARGES,</div> <div> OTHERS, MINUS CHARGES OR</div> <div> POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE CHARGES,</div> <div> AS THEY ARE ALSO CALLED.</div> <div> SOME ARE NEUTRAL MASSES,</div> <div> WITH NO PLUS OR MINUS CHARGE.</div> <div> SOME, CALLED THE GLUONS,</div> <div> HAVE GREEK LETTER NAMES AND,</div> <div> COME IN PAIRS OF + and - CHARGED</div> <div> NUCLEUS BINDING, GLUONS.</div> <div> ATOMIC PARTICLE ACCELERATORS</div> <div> SHOOT ELECTRONS, POSITRONS</div> <div> AND VERY HEAVY NUCLEONS,</div> <div> AT THE NUCLEUS OF ATOMS,</div> <div> TO BREAK THE NUCLEUS APART.</div> </td> <td valign="top" height=450 BGCOLOR="#EEEEEE" TEXT="#080000"> <div> <B>PROTON and NEUTRON RESEARCH</B><FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#FFFBF0" FACE="Arial" ><B>....</B></FONT></div> <div> <B> <TABLE BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="352" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#C0C0C0" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 444 ><NOBR><div> SCIENTISTS HAVE DISCOVERED, WITH THE HELP OF, </div> <div> VERY LARGE, ATOMIC PARTICLE ACCELERATORS,</div> <div> THE SIZE and CHARGE OF THE COMPONENTS, </div> <div> OF THE CENTRAL NUCLEUS, IN THE ATOMS,</div> <div> IN MANY OF THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS.</div> <div> TO LEARN MORE ABOUT THEIR DISCOVERIES,</div> <div> CLICK ON,THE NAME OF ONE OF THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS,</div> <div> ON THE RIGHT.  EACH ONE IS AN ATOMIC ELEMENT,</div> <div> THAT WAS RECENTLY DISCOVERED, TO CONTAIN,</div> <div> SMALLER OR LARGER, PROTONS and NEUTRONS</div> <div> THAN HAD BEEN, PREVIOUSLY THOUGHT.</div> <div> IN THE DESCRIPTIONS, WHEN A PLUS CHARGED PROTON,</div> <div> NUCLEON, IS SHOWN, THAT HAS A DIFFERENT  MASS, </div> <div> THAN  A  <B>.</B>9383 ATOMIC MASS UNITS PROTON,</div> <div> IT IS SHOWN AS A, +*PROTON OF ITS INDICATED MASS</div> <div> WHEN A NEUTRAL NEUTRON NUCLEON, IS SHOWN</div> <div> THAT HAS A DIFFERENT MASS, </div> <div> THAN A  <B>.</B>9396 ATOMIC MASS UNITS NEUTRON,</div> <div> IT IS SHOWN AS A, Ø*NEUTRON OF ITS INDICATED MASS.</div> <div>         + = POSITIVE       <FONT SIZE="2" COLOR="#660000" FACE="Swis721 Ex BT" ><B> -  </B></FONT>= NEGATIVE, </div> <div>        Ø = NEUTRAL        *  = A GROUP OF</div> <bR> <div> <I>LAPTOP  USERS, MAY PREFER TEXT SIZE LARGER</I></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></B></div> <bR> </td> <td valign="top" width=184 BGCOLOR="#66CCCC" TEXT="#080000"> <div>  <A NAME="hydron___hydrogen_1"><IMG BORDER="0" SRC="1x1.gif" HEIGHT="1" ALIGN="bottom" WIDTH="1" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" ></A></div> <div> <B>1</B></div> <div> <A HREF="hydrons_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE HYDRON NUCLEUS"><U>HYDRON - HYDROGEN</U></A></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="98" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006699" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 44 ><NOBR><div> <A HREF="hydrons_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE HYDRON NUCLEUS"><U><IMG SRC="c2f4b250.gif" border=0 width="75" height="37" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B>2</B></div> <div> <A HREF="helion_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE HELION NUCLEUS"><U>HELION - HELIUM</U></A></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="99" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006666" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM HEIGHT= 85 ><NOBR><div> <A HREF="helion_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE HELION NUCLEUS"><U><IMG SRC="d45534e0.gif" border=0 width="83" height="78" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B>3</B></div> <div> <A HREF="litions_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE LITION NUCLEUS"><U>LITION · LITHIUM</U></A></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="5" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="123" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006666" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM HEIGHT= 101 ><NOBR><div> <A HREF="litions_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE LITION NUCLEUS"><U><IMG SRC="d476b5b0.gif" border=0 width="107" height="91" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B>4</B></div> <div> <A HREF="berilion_nucleons.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE BERILION NUCLEUS"><U>BERILION-BERYLLIUM</U></A></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="0" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="143" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006666" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 108 ><NOBR><div>  <A HREF="berilion_nucleons.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE BERILION NUCLEUS"><U><IMG SRC="d7086640.gif" border=0 width="134" height="100" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B>5</B></div> <div> <A HREF="boron_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE BORON NUCLEUS"><U>BORON</U></A></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="145" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006666" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 141 ><NOBR><div> <I>  </I><A HREF="boron_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE BORON NUCLEUS"><U><I><IMG SRC="d497b870.gif" border=0 width="123" height="135" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <I><B> 6</B></I></div> <div> <A HREF="carbon_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE CARBON NUCLEUS"><U>CARBON</U></A></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="148" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006666" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=BOTTOM HEIGHT= 119 ><NOBR><div> <A HREF="carbon_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE CARBON NUCLEUS"><U><I><IMG SRC="d4c896e0.gif" border=0 width="137" height="110" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B>7</B></div> <div> <A HREF="nitron_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE NITRON NUCLEUS"><U>NITRON-NITROGEN</U></A></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="148" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006666" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=CENTER HEIGHT= 168 ><NOBR><div> <A HREF="nitron_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE NITRON NUCLEUS"><U><I><IMG SRC="d528aa30.gif" border=0 width="138" height="163" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <div> <B>8</B></div> <div>  <A HREF="ocsion_oxygen_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE OCSION NUCLEUS"><U>OCSION~OXYGEN</U></A></div> <div> <TABLE BORDER="1" CELLPADDING="2" CELLSPACING="0" WIDTH="148" BORDERCOLORLIGHT="#006666" BORDERCOLORDARK="#808080" FRAME="BOX" RULES="ALL" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0" BGCOLOR=#FFFFFF > <tR> <tD VALIGN=TOP HEIGHT= 101 ><NOBR><div> <A HREF="ocsion_oxygen_nucleus.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE OCSION NUCLEUS"><U><I><IMG SRC="d4f8d600.gif" border=0 width="141" height="96" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></I></U></A></div> </NOBR></tD> </tR> </TABLE></div> <bR> <div> <A HREF="#hydron___hydrogen_1" TITLE="PROTONS and NEUTRONS"><U>BACK TO TOP</U></A></div> <div> <A HREF="nucleon_names.htm" TARGET="_top" TITLE="THE NUCLEONS and THEIR NAMES"><U><IMG SRC="a73755c0.gif" border=0 width="117" height="92" ALIGN="BOTTOM" HSPACE="0" VSPACE="0"></U></A></div> <bR> </td> </tr></table></body>