INTRODUCTION

IRON IS THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF STEEL, HOWEVER,

IRON IS ALMOST NEVER FOUND, IN ITS PURE STATE, ON THE EARTH,

OR USED ALONE IN MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS, BECAUSE,

IRON, IS A VERY HARD, BRITTLE, UN-WORKABLE METAL

WHEN IT IS USED ALONE, AS IN CAST IRON PRODUCTS.

HOWEVER, WHEN IRON IS COMBINED WITH OTHER METALS

OR NON- METALS, IT BECOMES ONE OF THE MOST VERSATILE

OF THE ATOMIC ELEMENTS, THAT OUR WORLD IS MADE OF.

IRON IS NOT JUST A METAL,FOUND IN THE EARTH,

IT IS ALSO PART OF 200 VERY USEFUL COMPOUNDS.

THAT ARE USED, IN ALMOST, EVERY TYPE OF FARM MACHINE,

MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS, PERSONAL COSMETICS,

PLASTICS, PAPER PRODUCTS & MEDICATIONS.

HOW MODERN IRON AND STEEL IS MADE

IRON IS A MIXTURE OF 4 DIFFERENT WEIGHT ISOTOPES

WT 89.6 ugr, WT 92.9 ugr, WT 94.5 ugr WT 96.2 ugr

WT= WEIGHT, THE WEIGHTS ARE IN UNIFIED GRAMS ( UGR & ugr )

ONE UNIFIED GRAM = 10e-24 GRAMS

METALS ARE WEIGHED IN THE UNIGRAM, GRAM & KILOGRAM UNITS

OF THE METRIC SYSTEM, NOT IN THE ATOMIC MASS UNITS (AMU)

THAT ATOMIC PHYSICIST'S USE FOR ATOMIC RESEARCH

THE FOUR ISOTOPES OF IRON MAKE THE FOUR FORMS OF IRON

BECAUSE THE FOUR DIFFERENT WEIGHT ISOTOPES OF IRON

HAVE VERY DIFFERENT MELTING POINT TEMPERATURES,

PRODUCTS MADE FROM IRON, HAVE DIFFERENT QUALITYS,

THAT RESULT FROM, THE LENGTH OF TIME THAT THE MELTED IRON

IS KEPT AT ONE OF THE ISOTOPES MELTING TEMPERATURE,SINCE,

THE ELECTRON ORBITALS IN THE IRON ATOMS

CHANGE THEIR DIAMETERS & BONDING ABILITYS

AT EACH DIFFERENT IRON ISOTOPE'S

MELTING TEMPERATURE & BOILING TEMPERATURE.

THE EFFECTS OF INCREASED HEAT UPON IRON

• THE LOWEST TEMPERATURE ONLY CREATES RIGID CAST IRONS

• THE MID RANGE TEMPERATURES CREATE FLEXIBILTY

• THE HIGHER TEMPERATURES CREATE INCREASED STRENGTH

AND MORE RIGIDITY, HOWEVER,

• THE HIGHEST TEMPERATURES OFTEN CREATE STEELS,

WITH SO MUCH RIGIDITY, THAT THEY BECOME BRITTLE & BREAK.

GREEK LETTER NAMES ARE USED TO DESCRIBE

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF IRON

WHICH ARE CALLED THE VARIOUS FORMS OF IRON,

EACH ARE DESCRIBED, IN THE TWO TABLES SHOWN BELOW

ALFA FORM ALPHA FORM

THE 89.6 ugr WEIGHT ISOTOPE MAKES THIS TRANSITION @ 1,296°C

MIXTURES THAT ARE HEATED TO THIS TEMPERATURE

HELD, AT THAT TEMPERATURE, FOR AT LEAST 2.12 HOURS,

& THEN RAISED TO 1,536°C, TEND TO HAVE BETTER BONDING

ABILITYS,THAN THOSE,THAT ARE RAISED DIRECTLY TO 1,536°C

THIS IRON IS CALLED THE ALFA (alpha) ALLOTROPIC FORM

& ALSO THE 1,296°C 2.12 HOUR HOLDING TEMPERATURE FORM

THESE MIXTURES ARE USED IN ALLOYS WITH COBALTON & ZINCON

BETA FORM

WHEN IRON THAT IS EXTRACTED FROM TACONITE ORE

IS HEATED TO 1,536°C FOR 4.5 HOURS

THE ELECTRON ORBITALS, IN THE IRON ATOMS,

STABILIZE, IN A PERPENDICULAR, FORMAT, ("P"FORM )

& CREATE, A TYPE OF CAST IRON STEEL,

THAT IS CALLED.....PIG IRON, HARD STEEL,

BECAUSE, IT IS USED, TO MAKE, CAST IRON PIPE,

CAST IRON POTS, CAST IRON CAULDRONS

& OTHER ROUND, CAST IRON, ALLOY PRODUCTS.

MAGNETS, MOTOR ARMATURES & LARGE MAGNETRONS ARE ALSO,

MADE FROM, THIS TYPE OF "P" PERPENDICULAR ORBITAL IRON.

THIS IRON IS CALLED THE 1,536°4.5H FORM & OR THE BETA FORM

GAMA FORM ( gamma form )

WHEN IRON FROM SIDERITE ORE, IS HEATED TO 1587°C

FOR 4 TO 7 HOURS THE INNER & OUTER ELECTRON ORBITALS

OF THE ATOMS IN THE IRON....TAKE ON DIFFERENT NATURES,

THE INNER ORBITALS, BECOME MORE DIAGONAL,

AND THE OUTER ORBITALS, BECOME MORE SEPARATED,

& MORE PERPENDICULAR,TO EACH OTHER

THE PURE METAL ALSO BECOMES MAGNETIC.

THE 1587°C-7HR FORM IS ALSO CALLED THE GAMA FORM

AND ALSO THE 1587°C-7H MAGMA GAMMA FORM.

SIDERITE SOURCED IRON,IS USED TO MAKE,THE STEEL FRAMES,

FOR MOTORCYCLES, BICYCLES, TRI-CYCLES & RICKSHAWS

BECAUSE, IT HOLDS ON TO, SMALL SPOT WELDS & PAINTS WELL.

DELTA FORM

WHEN IRON ATOMS FROM SIDERITE ORE ARE HEATED TO 1,591°C

FOR AT LEAST 24 HOURS, THE STEELS MADE FROM THEM,

ARE MUCH MORE, FLEXIBLE & CORROSION RESISTANT, BECAUSE,

MORE IMPURITYS, HAVE BEEN BURNT OUT OF THAT IRON.

CASTINGS & STEELS ALLOYS, MADE OF THIS 1,591°C-24HR

FORM OF IRON,ARE ALSO CALLED,DELTA FORM,IRONS & STEELS.

THEY ARE NORMALLY USED FOR STEEL COIL SPRINGS

AUTOMOTIVE ELECTRONICS & MOTOR - ENGINE CASTINGS.

THE TABLE BELOW SUMMARIZES ALL THE INFORMATION ABOVE

TMP & TIME	QUALITYS	USES
1296°C-2.2HR ALFA	CORROSION RESISTANCE	SHEET METAL,SCREWS, BOLTS, MOTOR ARMATURES
1536°C-4.5HR BETA	WELDABLE, MALLEABLE	NUTS, COLUMNS, 20' RAILROAD RAILS AUTO LEAF SPRINGS
1587°C-7HR GAMA gamma	FIRE RESISTANT DUCTILE	BRIDGE CABLES, PISTONS CURVED RAILROAD RAILS POST TENSIONING RODS TRUCK LEAF SPRINGS
1591°C-24HR DELTA	FIRE & HEAT RESISTANT SHOCK RESISTANT RIGIDITY	BEAMS, BRIDGES, MOTOR CASTINGS COIL SPRINGS

IRON & STEEL TYPES & THEIR USES

THIS IRON & STEEL CHART IS SHOWN LARGER ON A SEPARATE PAGE

THAT YOU CAN COPY & PRINT FOR YOUR FILES

CLICK ON THE CHART TITLE ABOVE TO ACCESS THAT PAGE

IRON ORES AND THEIR USES

IRON IS EXTRACTED FROM DIFFERENT IRON CONTAINING ORES.

EACH OF THEM CONTAIN A SMALL PERCENTAGE OF OTHER METALS

THAT AFFECT THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PRODUCTS

WHICH ARE MADE FROM THEM. THEREFORE,

STEEL & IRON MAKERS USE THE ORES AS FOLLOWS:

• TACONITE.....IS USED TO MAKE TRUCK FRAMES

• HEMATITE.....IS USED FOR AUTOMOBILE FRAMES ALLOYS

• LIMONITE......IS USED FOR CONCRETE REINFORCING RODS

• SIDERITE.....IS USED FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL BEAMS & CASTINGS,

• GOETHITE...IS USED FOR HEAVY STEEL PLATES FOR MARINE USE

& FOR STRUCTURAL STEEL FOR POSTS & COLUMNS

• MAGNATITE...IS USED TO MAKE ARMATURES,

CASTINGS THAT HAVE TO CARRY CURRENT

OR CASTINGS FUNCTION MAGNETICALLY.

• WUESTITE...IS USED FOR CROME PLATED PRODUCTS & GEARS

• VIVIANITE.....IS USED TO MAKE METAL SAW BLADES & KNIFES

SOURCES

TACONITE IS FOUND IN BOLIVIA, BOTSWANA, CHINA, FRANCE,

PERU,SURINAME,SOUTH AFRICA,URUGUAY, THE USA

HEMATITE IS FOUND IN ARGENTINA, BRAZIL, BYLORUSSIA, FRANCE,

POLAND, PUERTO RICO & URUGUAY

LIMONITE IS FOUND IN AUSTRALIA, BRAZIL,CANADA, ENGLAND,

FRANCE, GREENLAND,HAITI,NEW FOUNDLAND,

NEW ZEALAND, PERU, TIMOR & THE USA

SIDERITE IS FOUND IN ARGENTINA, BOLIVIA, BRAZIL,CHINA,

COLUMBIA,CUBA, GHANA, HAITI. INDIA, NIGERIA,

PARAGUAY, PORTUGAL, SOUTH AFRICA,THAILAND,

URUGUAY, VENEZUELA, ZAMBIA

GOETHITE IS FOUND IN AFGANISTAN, CANADA, FRANCE,

PORTUGAL, SOMALIA, THE USA

MAGNATITE IS FOUND IN LUXEMBERG,NORWAY, PAKISTAN,

RUSSIA, SWAZILAND, SWEDEN, TANZANIA,

WUESTITE IS FOUND IN AUSTRALIA,BYLO-RUSSIA,CANADA,

CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC, CHAD,

COSTA RICO, NEW FOUNDLAND,

NEW ZEALAND, INDIA,URUGUAY, USA

VIVIANITE IS FOUND IN BENIN,CANADA, CUBA, GUATEMALA, HAITI,

NIGERIA, MEXICO, RUSSIA, SAN SALVADOR, VENEZUELA

COSTS

THE COST OF IRON BILLETS IS ABOUT $30 A KILO or $17.50 A POUND

THE DEVELOPMENT OF IRON & STEEL

1596 BC.

IN 1596 B.C. OVAL SHAPED RED CLAY

IRON CASTING MOLDS. BEGAN TO BE USED

TO POUR MOLTEN, MELTED LIQUID IRON INTO

BECAUSE THESE OVAL CLAY CASTING MOLDS

HAD A CURVED HANDLE, SIMILAR TO A PIGS TAIL

RED CLAY MOLDS

FOR CASTING

IRON

THE SHINY GREY IRON CASTINGS, SOON WERE CALLED PIG IRON.

AT THAT TIME

THEY COULD ONLY HEAT METAL ORES IN SMALL CLAY OVENS

TO ABOUT 926°C & THEN POUR THE MOLTEN IRON INTO CLAY MOLDS

FOR POTS, PANS, HELMETS, BOWLS, FRYERS, ROASTERS & SCOOPS.

IN 395 BC

MEN LEARNED TO MAKE VERY LONG TONGS

TO HOLD ONTO, HOT IRON BILLETS, AS THEY WERE TAKEN,

FROM CASTING POTS IN HARD-CLAY BRICK, DRAFT FURNACES.

THEY WERE THEN ABLE TO HAMMER UPON ON THE HOT IRON

AND FORGE IT INTO THIN KNIFES AND V SHAPED PLOWS.

THAT TYPE OF HAMMER BEATEN IRON IS CALLED WROUGHT IRON.

IN 386 BC

MEN DISCOVERED TIN, COPPER AND BISMUTH,

THREE SOFTER, BENDABLE METALS AND THEY BEGAN TO MIX

THOSE METALS IN WITH EACH OTHER & INTO IRON ORE.

IN 329 BC

THEY DISCOVERED HOW TO MAKE BISMUTH & IRON

BRONZE LIKE CAST POTS, PANS, DISHES & CAST BRONZE STATUES.

IN 422 AD

MEN BEGAN TO CAST BISMUTH-IRON BRONZE SAWS,

WITH LARGE TEETH, THAT THEY RUBBED ON LARGE STONES

TO SHARPEN ENOUGH TO CUT DOWN SOFTWOOD SWAMP TREES,

IN ORDER TO CLEAR SWAMP LAND FOR AGRICULTURE & SOON

SUGAR WAS INTRODUCED INTO THE CULTURE OF THE WEST.

IN 506 AD

MEN IN SPAIN FOUND AN ORE THAT CONTAINED BOTH

IRON & CROMION & DEVELOPED A METHOD FOR MAKING AXES,

& SMALL TOOTHED CROMION-BISMUTON-IRON STEEL SAWS.

IN 1403 AD

MEN BEGAN TO CAST, IRON WHEELS WITH GEARS

AND SOON AFTER, JOHANNES GUTENBERG WAS ABLE TO MAKE,

THE FIRST PRINTING PRESS WITH MOVEABLE TYPE.

IN 1456 AD

IRON ORES WITH COBALTON WERE DISCOVERED

THAT MADE FINER CAST TOOLS & CASTING POTS & SOON

THEY BEGAN TO MAKE CHISELS, LATHES, DRILLS & SAWS,

WHICH BEGAN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE.

IN 1646 AD

MEN DISCOVERED HOW TO MAKE AN IRON WITH COPPER

THAT WOULD STAY SOFTER LONGER AND COULD BE BEATEN

WITH LARGE SLEDGE HAMMERS INTO BEAMS AND GIRDERS

THAT, COULD BE HEATED AGAIN IN OVENS, IN ORDER TO PROVIDE

MORE TIME FOR THE SHAPING OF IRON ARCHES & COLUMNS.

IRON MAKERS

FROM THREE CONTINENTS CAME TO GERMANY & BELGIUM TO SEE,

HOW THESE LARGER ARCHES, POSTS & BEAMS WERE MADE,

BUT, AFTER 2 YEARS THE DISCOVERERS OF THIS NEW METHOD,

REFUSED TO TEACH OTHER IRON MAKERS HOW TO CREATE

THE MORE WORKABLE IRON AND WARS

BETWEEN THE IRON MAKING NATIONS BEGAN.

IN 1843 AD

MEN IN GERMANY BEGAN TO MAKE 5 FT LONG IRON RODS

INTO POST HOLE DIGGERS, WITH A CROSS SHAPED POINTED END

& A FLAT ROUND TOP THAT COULD BE BEATEN WITH HAMMERS

OUT OF A MIXTURE OF CHROMIUM,TUNGSTON & IRON ORES.

BECAUSE THE X SHAPED POINTED END LOOKED LIKE A STAR

THEY CALLED THE POST HOLE DIGGERS STELE DIGGERS.

VERY SOON EVERYONE WANTED A POST HOLE DIGGER,

WITH A STARRY POINTED END AND THE STELEN BRAND DIGGERS

WERE SHIPPED ALL OVER THE WORLD.

SOON, OTHERS BEGAN TO MAKE SIMILAR DIGGERS & THEY GAVE

THEM NAMES SUCH AS, STEELEN DIGGERS, ASTELEN DIGGERS,

STEIL DIGGERS & IN ENGLAND, STEEL DIGGERS.

IN 1658 AD

THE STEEL DIGGER COMPANY IN ENGLAND BEGAN TO MAKE KNIFES,

PLOW BLADES, FILES & RIVETS OUT OF SIMILAR IRON ALLOYS

& PUT THE SAME STAMP ON ALL OF THEM, STEEL PRODUCT CO.

MANY PEOPLE THEN BEGAN TO COPY THEIR STAMPED IN NAME,

IN OTHER COUNTRYS ELSEWHERE IN THE WORLD,

WHEN THEY MADE COPYS OF THE ENGLISH PRODUCTS

AND THE NAMES STEEL PRODUCTS INC., BEST STEEL PRODUCTS,

AND STAR STEEL PRODUCTS, WERE EVERYWHERE..AND SOON,

THE WORD STEEL BEGAN TO BE USED FOR ALL IRON ALLOYS.

IRON IN THE HUMAN BODY

IRON IS USED IN MANY IMPORTANT COMPOUNDS

IN OUR BLOOD AND THRU-OUT OUR BODY'S ORGANS

IRON FOSFITES IRON PHOSPHITES

WE USE IN THE WALLS OF THE CAPILLARYS

IN THE EXTERNAL OBLIQUE MUSCLES OF OUR BODY

IRONINE IODIDES

WORKS IN OUR LIVERS TO RESTORE OUR HEALTH

AFTER MAJOR DISEASES OF OUR INTERNAL ORGANS.

IRON SULFATES

WE USE IN THE MUSCLES OF OUR STOMACH

TO PROTECT US AGAINST INGESTED DISEASE

IRON NITRO SULFATE

IS A STAR SHAPED MACRO-MOLECULE THAT IS

USED IN OUR LIVER & GALLBLADDER DUCT CELL ECTOPLASM,

TO WARD OFF ANTHRAX, SYPHILIS & GONORREA INFECTIONS

TRI-IRONINE ACETATE

IS FOUND IN OUR SPLEENS AT THE RELEASE SITE

OF EACH OF OUR Y SHAPED IMMUNO-GLOBINS

IRON OCSALATE

IS USED IN OUR EYE RODS AS A SHUNT AND

IN OUR HEART VENTRICLES AS A SWITCH AND CAPACITOR

IRONINE BI-BROMIDES

ARE IN THE OUTER NUCLEAR LAYER,

OF OUR EYE CONES & EYE RODS, WHERE THEY FUNCTION

AS NIGHT LIGHT CAPACITORS & MORNING LIGHT RHEOSTATS

IRON TRI-BROMIDES

STRENGTHEN OUR HEART & LESSON DEMAND,

UPON OUR HEART PACEMAKER.

TRI-IRONINE CYANIDES

THESE ARE Y SHAPED METALO-ORGANIC MOLECULES

FOUND IN THE Y SHAPED DENDRITE NERVE DIVISIONS

IRON OLEATES

THESE ARE Y SHAPED MOLECULE IN THE GANGLION LAYER

OF OUR EYE CONES, LACK OF THESE SPECIAL TRIGONAL

IRON MOLECULES CAUSES NIGHT BLINDNESS.

IRON ACETYL LACTONATES

ARE LARGE ARENE METALO-ORGANIC

MOLECULES THAT HOLD OUR EYE RETINAS TOGETHER &

ABSORP ELECTRONS & PHOTONS IN THEIR STRUCTURE

HEME

IS A LARGE IRON CORED MOLECULE

FOUND AT THE CORE OF OUR HEMOGLOBIN,

THAT TRANSPORTS NEW OCSION (oxygen) ATOMS

TO EVERY SINGLE CELL IN OUR BODY..

WHEN WE LACK IRON TO BUILD NEW HEME MOLECULES,

OUR EYES & THYROID GLANDS BEGIN TO MALFUNCTION

OUR HEMOGLOBIN MUST HAVE 3.881% HEME AT THEIR CORE,

OR OUR HEARTS WEAKEN & OUR VEINS GROW THIN & RUPTURE.

3.88% HEME IS MADE FROM 22 GLASSES OF MILK A MONTH,

8-4OZ STEAKS A MONTH OR 4 CUPS OF BEEF BROTH A DAY

IN ADDITION TO THE IRON THAT WE NEED, TO CREATE HEME,

WE NEED IRON RICH FOODS TO SUSTAIN ALL OUR ORGANS

IRON IS FOUND IN VEAL,LIVER, TURKEY, IRON RICH BROWN EGGS,

EGG WHITES & EGG WHITE PRODUCTS, SPINACH NOODLES.

AGRICULTURAL NEEDS FOR IRON

WHEN PLANTS LACK IRON FOSFATES

THEY NORMALLY DO NOT GROW BEYOND THREE WEEKS

WHEN THERE IS ENOUGH IRON FOSFATE FOR THE PLANT OR TREE.

BUT NOT ENOUGH IRON SULFATES FOR THEIR SEEDS & FRUIT

THEY NORMALLY GET APHIDS BEFORE OR DURING FRUITING

WHEN THE SOIL DOES NOT CONTAIN IRON FOSFITES

WATERMELONS, DILL, BORAGE & NUTS CANNOT MATURE.

IRON FOSFATES ARE IN BONE MEALS

IRON FOSFITES ARE IN FISH EMULSIONS

IRON SULFATES ARE IN COCONUT HUSKS